Sex and socio-economic differences in public spaces informally appropriated for physical activity in Lagos and Yaoundé: implications for activity patterns and risks

Source abstract

In rapidly urbanising low and middle-income countries where access to formal leisure facilities is limited, informal public spaces play a critical role in supporting leisure-time physical activity (LTPA). Using a mixed-methods citizen science approach in Lagos, Nigeria, and Yaoundé, Cameroon, this study examined how sex, socio-economic status (SES), and perceived risks shape the use of public spaces for LTPA. Sex and SES disparities were observed: men were more likely to use vacant plots for LTPA, while women predominantly engaged in walking and running; walking was most prevalent in high-SES neighbourhoods, whereas organised activities were more common among women in Yaoundé and spontaneous activities among women in Lagos. Perceived injury risk was highest in areas with low socio-economic status (SES), where safety features were least available. These findings demonstrate that informal public spaces function as socially and economically stratified environments for physical activity, rather than neutral settings. The study advances understanding of equity in active living in African cities and provides evidence to inform sex- and equity-responsive urban and public health planning.